|
|
|
 |
Membranonphones - Drums
(cumulative list, from all years' programs)
Instrument: Tree Stand Drum
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Sogochum
Tree stand drums are dragon-shaped small drums,
suspended from wooden stands one hung at center and the others on both
sides . The drums are played for the dance, sam-go mu ("tree stand drum
dance" or "three drum dance") by the dancers themselves as they dance.
Various rhythm patterns are played by hitting drumsticks against each
other and at either the center or the rim of the drums. They can be
played in a set of 3 with one person, or 5 with 2 people, 7 with 3
people or 9 with 4 people. Legend has it that a high-ranking government
official of the Koryo period (918-1392 AD) by the name of Yi Hon found
a piece of wood on the seashore where he was exiled, and made a drum
out of it that had a wonderful sound.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Sogo Drum
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Sogochum
The sogo (“so” meaning little, “go” meaning drum) is
a small, framed drum that is held by a handle with the left hand and
beaten with a stick by the right hand. The size and appearance of the
sogo vary according to the region it is in. The sogo is featured in the
Korean farmer’s dance (nong-ak) as both a musical instrument and a prop
that the dancers hold as they dance. The other drums in the nong-ak
band are the changgo, and puk. In sogochum, one of the most popular
solo performances of the farmers’ dances, the sogo players usually
occupy the front line on stage, with the solo performer leading. The
sogo player is called "popkonori" or "supopkochum."
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Djembe
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Mandeng and Wolof, Masked Dances of Liberia, Liberian Dance
The Djembe is a single-headed goblet drum from West Africa. Its body is
carved from the trunk of a tree and the widest end is covered with
skin. The unique shape of the drum gives it a deep tone when played in
the center and higher-pitched tone played closer to the edges. It is
played by hand.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Bombo
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Maculele, Andean Dance
The Bombo is a cylindrical shaped drum from the Andean region and
popular in the styles found in Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. The
drum is played with a stick and a mallet, which strike the wooden rims
and the head. The body of the drum is made out of a hollow tree, with
the mounted skins retaining the animal's fur, thus producing a very
distinctive mellow and deep tone.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Batá
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Afro-Cuban Folkloric Dance: Lucumí
Bata drums consist of a set of three conical or cylindrical drums, each
having two laced heads, one larger and one smaller. The largest drum
has a belt of pellet bells attached at the middle. Each drum is laid on
a player's lap and the three players sit side by side, playing by hand.
As an ensemble, bat‡ drums accompany Afro-Cuban singing and dancing for
Yoruba spiritual entities called Orishas. The intricate rhythms of the
bata are based on prayers in the tonal Yoruba language, so the drums
are actually speaking! The smallest drum, called the okonkolo, is the
timekeeper, and generally holds a repetitive phrase to help the rhythms
stay on track. The largest drum, called the Iya or mother drum, "calls"
or initiates the changes in rhythm, and holds conversations with the
middle drum, the itotele.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Cajón
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Afro-Peruvian Folkloric: Festejo & Zapateo, Veracruz Dance and Music
A cajón is a rectangular wooden box played as a drum. Its varied form
and dimensions depend on the player's comfort, since the player usually
sits on it while playing. The cajón usually has a circular hole called
"boca," or mouth, in the rear face, to amplify sound. Some have two
rectangular holes on the sides of the cajón instead. The cajón is
played by beating with both hands on the front side, which is the
thinnest side. It is played on the sides
and even sometimes on the back as well. There are many ways to play,
including with the base of the palm of the hand, with the forefingers
excluding the thumb, with the palm folded, or with tapping of the
fingertips.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Cajita
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Afro-Peruvian Folkloric: Festejo & Zapateo
The cajita is a wooden box with a hinged top. It is hung from the
player's neck with a string, hanging a little bit above the waist,
allowing the player to walk while playing. Its size and shape is that of a shoebox. The cajita is played by
opening and closing the lid with one hand, while the other hand hits
the instrument with a stick.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Cauyaq
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Yup'ik Eskimo Dance
Eskimo hand drum: The Yup'ik Eskimos use this tambourine style hand
drum to accompany many of their songs and dances. The name means in the
Yup'ik language "One you look at," since when one is playing it, he
faces the drum at all times. Pictured at right is performer Chuna McIntyre.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Mridangam
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Bharatanatyam
The Mridangam is the classical drum of South India. The
shell is hollowed out of a block of wood; both heads are fastened to
hoops and tightened by leather thongs laced from end to end. The heads
are tuned by tension wedges and tuning paste, similar to the way a
tabla is tuned. The mridingam is played with the wrists and the
fingertips.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Surdo
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Maculele
The surdo is the master of the samba in Brazil, essentially the bass
drum of the band, and produces a very deep tone. It is often hung on a
rope around the neck, so it can be used in a march or on parade. The
surdo is played with a single large headed mallet, while the other hand
is employed to vary the sound by sometimes pressing on the head to
create a slightly higher pitch 'closed' or muffled sound.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Tablas
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Kathak
Tablas are the classical drums of North India. A set includes two
drums, one for each hand. The bayan is the larger, lower-pitched of
the two; the tabla
is smaller and higher-pitched. The black dot in the center of each drum
head is a gob of iron
and wheat flour that allows the drum to be tuned. The small
drum is tuned to an exact pitch to match the music being played. The
larger drum's head is looser than the tabla's, and the tabla player
leans her hand into the head to raise the pitch
in the middle of a note, creating the characteristic "doo-WUMP" sound
unique to the tablas.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Taiko
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Kyogen
In Japanese, the characters for Taiko simply mean "Big Drum." Long ago,
during times of war, it's resonating pulse echoed through vast
distances as a call to battle and a tool of intimidation against the
enemy. In both Shintoism and Buddhism, the rhythms of the heavy wooden
Taiko drum figure prominently within rituals and festivals. Only within
the last thirty years has Taiko expanded beyond a traditional role.
Thousands of local Taiko groups have sprung up. Members include men,
women and children who, in taking up their drumsticks, leave behind the
rational, linear world of modern day Japan and celebrate within the
texture of their rhythms.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Tambourine
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Russian Dance
The tambourine is a small one-sided frame drum
with metal circles fitted in the rim. The metal circles add a jingling
sound to the sound of the drum head. Tambourines are used in Russian
Gypsy music and all over the world; cousins of the tambourine include
the Brazilian pandeiru, played as part of a Samba troupe, and the Riq,
played throughout the Middle East.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Tar (Frame drum)
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Nubian Dance, Afghan Dance
A flat frame drum with a single head, played with the hand or the
fingers, holding the drum in front of the body with one hand. This drum
is found all over North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East,
and has many names. About four inches deep and 14-24 inches in
diameter, it often has a hole in the rim for the left thumb.
Traditionally this drum is played with the fingers, holding the drum in
front of you, drumhead facing out. It has a rich voice and produces
clear bass tones and compelling side beats.
|
 |
|
|
Instrument: Tumbadora (Conga)
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Maculele, Afro-Haitian Folkloric Dance
These drums, of relatively recent popularity, are played with the
hands. They are originally from the Antilles islands. They are commonly
used in a set of three, standing on the floor or putting them in
special stands. The medium sized drum is called conga, the large size
(low tone) is the tumba, and the smallest and highest in pitch is
called quinto. The two biggest have approximately the same height, the
tumba the largest in diameter. The tumbadoras have one head, on the
top, and are open at the bottom.
|
|
|
|
Instrument: Cymbals
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Bharatanatyam
Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument consisting of thin, normally
round plates. When struck, they produce high-pitched sound and are used
to mark rhythm or add dramatic effect. They range in size from clash
cymbals, most commonly used in orchestras, to finger cymbals, also
known as Zills.
|
www.paulnoll.com
|
|
|
Instrument: Cantaro
Dance/Movement Style in PLM: Maya
The cantaro is a
percussion instrument. It is a clay pot that is truck in its outer surface or
mouth with a hand, creating different effects. Water can be used to pitch the
instrument to a desired sound.
|
|
|
|
|
